The Protocol: Solana’s ‘Alpenglow’ upgrade is live for testing

Also: LayerZero apology, Ronin layer-2 transition and ‘Clear Signing’

What to know:

Welcome to The Protocol, CoinDesk's weekly wrap of the most important stories in cryptocurrency tech development. I’m Margaux Nijkerk, a reporter at CoinDesk.

In this issue:

• The biggest consensus overhaul in Solana history is officially live for testing
• LayerZero says it "made a mistake" in $292 million Kelp exploit
• Ronin set to transition to Ethereum layer 2 from independent sidechain
• The Ethereum Foundation unveils new "Clear Signing" standard to stop users from approving malicious crypto transactions

Network News

"ALPENGLOW" UPGRADE LIVE FOR TESTING ON SOLANA: Solana developer Anza said that Alpenglow, the network’s biggest proposed consensus overhaul to date, is live on a community test cluster, marking a major step toward a potential mainnet rollout. The update means validator operators can now test software designed to move Solana from its current consensus system, which combines Proof-of-Stake with TowerBFT and Proof-of-History, toward a new architecture intended to dramatically reduce finality times and improve network responsiveness. “Alpenglow is live on the community test cluster,” Anza wrote on X. “The biggest consensus change in Solana’s history, now running on validator infrastructure ahead of mainnet.” Today, Solana relies on Proof-of-History, a cryptographic clock that timestamps transactions, alongside TowerBFT, a voting mechanism validators use to agree on the state of the blockchain. While the design has helped Solana achieve high throughput and low fees, some have pointed to outages and network instability during periods of heavy demand. — Margaux Nijkerk Read more.

LAYERZERO APOLOGY FOR KELP DAO INCIDENT: LayerZero said that it “made a mistake” allowing its own verification infrastructure to secure high-value crypto assets in a vulnerable configuration, marking a notable shift in tone after weeks of blaming developer Kelp DAO for a $292 million hack tied to North Korean attackers. The admission marks a notable shift after weeks of public finger-pointing between LayerZero and Kelp over responsibility for the April hack, which LayerZero had initially framed as an application-level configuration failure by Kelp. “First things first: an overdue apology,” LayerZero wrote in a blog. LayerZero initially blamed Kelp, arguing the protocol had chosen a risky “1-of-1” configuration in which only a single decentralized verifier network, or DVN, needed to approve cross-chain transfers, creating a single point of failure. A DVN is part of the infrastructure that verifies whether a transaction moving assets between blockchains is legitimate. “We made a mistake by allowing our DVN to act as a 1/1 DVN for high-value transactions,” the company said. “We didn't police what our DVN was securing, which created a risk we simply didn't see. We own that.” — Sam Reynolds Read more.

RONIN TO TRANSITION TO LAYER-2: Ronin, the gaming-centric blockchain once synonymous with the industry’s infamous $625 million exploit in 2022, is officially shedding its sidechain skin on May 12 to become an Ethereum layer 2 to improve security while maintaining throughput. Ronin, which announced the migration in April, will execute a hard fork at block 55,577,490, a process that will result in about 10 hours of downtime for users, the network said Monday on X. According to onchain data, the migration is expected to begin on Tuesday around 15:16 UTC. “Four years ago, we launched Ronin because Axie Infinity needed a faster and more efficient network,” Ronin said when announcing the migration. “It worked. Axie Infinity onboarded millions of gamers to crypto, and Pixels proved that it was possible to do it again.” The time has come to plug "back into the mothership." While operating as an independent sidechain in mid-May 2022, Ronin suffered what is still today the largest DeFI bridge exploit in history. Layer 2 protocols benefit from tighter links to the underlying blockchain than sidechains, offering benefits that include greater security. — Olivier Acuna Read more.

ETHEREUM DEVELOPERS RELEASE “CLEAR SIGNING”: The Ethereum Foundation and a group of major crypto wallet developers are rolling out a new security standard designed to stop users from accidentally signing away their funds, a problem that has fueled some of the industry’s biggest hacks and scams. The initiative, called “Clear Signing,” aims to replace the confusing walls of code users currently see when approving Ethereum transactions with simple, human-readable explanations of what they’re actually agreeing to. The effort comes after years of phishing attacks and wallet drains that often boil down to the same issue: users unknowingly approving malicious transactions they don’t understand. The Ethereum Foundation pointed to incidents like the Bybit hack as examples of how attackers exploit “blind signing,” where users approve transactions filled with unreadable technical data. Right now, signing a crypto transaction can feel like clicking “accept” on a terms-of-service page written in another language. Wallets often display long strings of code that only highly technical users can decipher, leaving everyday traders vulnerable to fake apps, malicious links and compromised websites. — Margaux Nijkerk Read More.

In Other News

• Charles Schwab, the brokerage giant that manages around $12 trillion in client assets, began the rollout of its spot cryptocurrency trading service for retail customers in the U.S. An initial group of clients can now trade bitcoin and ether (ETH) on the Schwab Crypto platform, the company posted on X.In July last year, CEO Rick Wurster said the company planned to introduce crypto trading in the near future, with a timeframe of first-half 2026 confirmed last month. The Westlake, Texas-headquartered firm already offers crypto investments through exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and futures trading. — Jamie Crawley Read more.
• JPMorgan (JPM) is preparing to launch a tokenized money market fund, the latest sign that major financial institutions and Wall Street asset managers are speeding up efforts to move traditional assets onto blockchain rails. A filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission SEC) outlined plans for a blockchain-based money-market fund investing exclusively in short-term U.S. Treasuries, cash and overnight repo agreements backed by government securities. The fund, dubbed JPMorgan OnChain Liquidity-Token Money Market Fund (JLTXX), will maintain blockchain-based token balances tied to investors' ownership records, allowing approved users to submit purchase, redemption and transfer requests through Ethereum, the filing said. The underlying blockchain infrastructure will be operated by Kinexys Digital Assets, JPMorgan’s blockchain unit formerly known as Onyx. — Kristzian Sandor Read more.

Regulatory and Policy

• The legislation that could fully insert the U.S. crypto industry into the regulated financial system has emerged in its latest form, with the Senate Banking Committee unveiling the market structure bill's text just after midnight on Tuesday in advance of this week's hearing that's set to push the effort forward. The latest version wasn't expected to offer many surprises for the crypto industry that's already had a chance to dig through it privately, but it includes still-contentious language on stablecoin yield and it maintains legal protections for decentralized finance (DeFi) developers, keeping that corner of the crypto sector happy (so far). Industry insiders waited for the release late into the night, and they'll still have to study the language to ensure their expectations were met. "This bill reflects serious, good-faith work across the committee and delivers the certainty, safeguards, and accountability Americans deserve," committee Chairman Tim Scott said in a statement. "It puts consumers first, combats illicit finance, cracks down on criminals and foreign adversaries and keeps the future of finance here in the United States." — Jesse Hamilton Read more.
• The Senate confirmed Kevin Warsh to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors on Tuesday, moving President Donald Trump’s pick one step closer to becoming the next chair of the U.S. central bank. Lawmakers approved Warsh in a 51-45 vote. Sen. John Fetterman (D-Pa.) was the only Democrat to support the nomination. Warsh still must win a separate Senate vote to become Fed chair, which is expected Wednesday. Governors serve 14-year terms while the chair serves a four-year term. If confirmed as chair, Warsh, 56, will replace Jerome Powell, whose eight-year term leading the Fed ends Friday. Powell, however, has said he plans to remain on the board until a federal probe into renovations at the Fed’s headquarters concludes. — Helene Braun Read more.

Calendar

• June 2-3, 2026: Proof of Talk, Paris
• June 4, 2026: Stable Summit, New York
• June 8-10, 2026: ETHConf, New York
• Sept. 29-Oct.1, 2026: Korea Blockchain Week, Seoul
• Oct. 7-8, 2026: Token2049, Singapore
• Nov. 3-6, 2026: Devcon, Mumbai
• Nov. 15-17, 2026: Solana Breakpoint, London

More For You

The move comes after billions in losses from phishing attacks and wallet drains, with Ethereum pushing to make transaction approvals safer and easier to understand.

What to know:

• The Ethereum Foundation and major wallet developers launched “Clear Signing,” a new standard designed to stop users from unknowingly approving malicious crypto transactions by replacing confusing code with human-readable explanations.
• The move comes after billions in losses from phishing attacks and wallet drains, with Ethereum pushing to make transaction approvals...

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